Coping with a New Liminal Life: White Converts to Islam.
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.66362/iji.v1i5.22Keywords:
Islamic law, Islamic history, juristic disagreement, legal pluralism, ᶜilm al-ikhtilāfAbstract
This paper investigates the post-conversion coping strategies of ten White converts to Islam in a predominantly Canadian context. The participants were interviewed in 2023 using a semi-structured interview guide. There are very few studies of Canadian converts to Islam, and none that look at coping strategies. Following Pargament, I do a thematic analysis of the data and investigate the participants’ religious and non-religious coping strategies of the stressors resulting from their conversion to Islam. White converts sit at an illuminating nexus of “race” and religion in Canada – their whiteness makes them part of the dominant majority, but their Muslimness excludes them. White converts, especially women who wear hijab, experience racialisation and discrimination after conversion. They are both welcomed and distrusted by a Muslim community that, due to their experiences of European colonisation, laurels and dislikes Whiteness. The main coping strategies mentioned by the participants are religious, advocacy, and avoidance. A typical strategy of social support was less commonly mentioned due to their post-conversion experiences of being estranged from their family and friends and difficulties settling into Muslim communities.
References
Abu Khalaf, N., A.B. Woolweaver, R. Reynoso Marmolejos, G.A Little, K. Burnett, and D.L Espelage. (2023) “The Impact of Islamophobia on Muslim Students: A Systematic Review of the Literature.” School Psychology Review, 52(2): 206-223.
Abu-Raiya, H., K.I Pargament, and A. Mahoney. (2011). “Examining coping methods with stressful interpersonal events experienced by Muslims living in the United States following the 9/11 attacks.” Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, 3(1): 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0020034.
Abu-Ras, W. and S. H. Abu-Bader. (2008). “The Impact of the September 11, 2001, Attacks on the Well-Being of Arab Americans in New York City.” Journal of Muslim Mental Health, 3(2):217–239. https://doi.org/10.1080/15564900802487634.
Abu-Ras, W. M. and Z. E. Suarez. (2009). “Muslim Men and Women’s Perception of Discrimination, Hate Crimes, and PTSD Symptoms Post 9/11.” Traumatology, 15(3), 48-63.
Adam, Z., and C. Ward. (2016) “Stress, Religious Coping and Wellbeing in Acculturating Muslims,” Journal of Muslim Mental Health, 10(2), 3-26. https://doi.org/10.3998/jmmh.10381607.0010.201.
Asal, Houda. (2020) Identifying as Arab in Canada: A Century of Immigration History. Translated by Mary Foster. Halifax: Fernwood Publishing.
Alam, Oishee. 2018. Facing Race: White Australian Converts to Islam, Melbourne: Melbourne University Publishing Limited.
Algorani, E.B., and V. Gupta. (2023) Coping Mechanisms. In National Library of Medicine. Treasure Island, Florida: StatPearls Publishing.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559031/ American Psychological Association (2008) “Coping.” https://dictionary.apa.org/coping
Balaghi, D., E. Oka, and D. Carter Andrews. (2021). “Arab American Adolescents’ Responses to Perceived Discrimination: A Phenomenological Study.” Journal of Muslim Mental Health, 15(2): 1-22. https://doi.org/10.3998/jmmh.131.
Ball, Julde Halima. (n.d.). Growing Up an American Muslim Army Brat: A Memoir. Bolton: USA.
Barras, A., J.A. Selby and M. Adrian (eds) (2022). “General Introduction: Producing Islam(s) and Muslims in Canada,” in Barras, A., J.A. Selby and M. Adrian (eds) Producing Islam(s) in Canada: On Knowledge, Positionality, and Politics, Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
Brown, Jonathan. (2024) Islam and Anti-Blackness: Leaving Ignorance Behind. Yaqeen Institute. https://yaqeeninstitute.ca/read/paper/islam-and-anti-blackness-leaving-ignorance-behind.
Bullock, Katherine. (2023) “Impact and Effects of Islamophobia and Coping Strategies for Muslims in Canada: An Annotated Bibliography,” Institute of Muslim Mental Health Canada, under Knowledge Hub, https://www.immhcanada.com/knowledge-hub-1.
Bullock, Katherine. (2024) “Expect It and Accept It: Coping with Islamophobia in The Canadian Medical Field,” in Easat-Das A. and Zempi, I (eds) The Palgrave Handbook of Gendered Islamophobia, Springer International Publishing.
Casey, Patrick Michael. (2021a) “The racialization of American Muslim converts by the presence of religious markers.” Ethnicities, 21(3): 521-537.
Casey, Patrick Michael. (2021b) “White Duality: The (dis)Advantage of Being a White Convert in the Muslim American Community.” Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs, 41(4): 615-626.
Eaton, Gai. (1985) Islam and the Destiny of Man. London, UK: the Islamic Texts Society and George Allen & Unwin.
Edkins, Jenny. (2016) Face Politics. New York: Routledge, 2015.
Elkassem, S., R. Csiernik, A. Mantulak, G. Kayssi, Y. Hussain, K. Lambert, P. Bailey, and A. Choudhary. (2018) “Growing Up Muslim: The Impact of Islamophobia on Children in a Canadian Community.” Journal of Muslim Mental Health, 12(1), 3-18. DOI:
https://doi.org/10.3998/jmmh.10381607.0012.101.
Flower, Scott. (2013) “Muslim Converts and Terrorism,” Counter Terrorist Trends and Analysis, 5(11): 6-9.
Flower, Scott and D. Birkett. (2014) (Mis)Understanding Muslim Converts in Canada: A Critical Discussion of Muslim Converts in the Contexts of Security and Society, July, The TSAS Working Paper Series, No. 14-06, The Canadian Network for Research on Terrorism,Security, and Society. https://www.publicsafety.gc.ca/lbrr/archives/cnmcs-plcng/cn31904- eng.pdf
Franks, M. (2000) “Crossing the Borders of Whiteness? White Muslim Women Who Wear the Hijab in Britain Today.” Ethnic and Racial Studies 23(5): 917–929. doi:10.1080/ 01419870050110977.
Galonnier, Juliette. (2015a) “The racialization of Muslims in France and the United States: Some insights from white converts to Islam.” Social Compass, 62(4), p.570-583.
Galonnier, Juliette (2015b). “When ‘White Devils’ join the Deen. White Americans converts to Islam and the experience of Non-normative Whiteness”, Notes & Documents, 2015-01, Paris, OSC, Sciences Po/CNRS.
Górak-Sosnowska, K., M. Łyszczarz, and B. Abdallah-Krzepkowska. (2023) “When whiteness is not an asset: Racialisation strategies towards Polish converts to Islam,” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, ahead-of-print: 1-19.
Guimond, Amy Melissa. (2017) Converting to Islam: Understanding the Experiences of White American Females. Cham: Springer International Publishing.
Guzik, Elysia. (2017) Informing Identities: Religious Conversion Experiences of Muslims in the Toronto Area, PhD, Faculty of Information, University of Toronto.
Haque, Amber. (1998, 2024). “Psychology and Religion: Their Relationship and Integration from an Islamic Perspective,” American Journal of Islam and Society, 41(1): 220-237.
Hamdani, Daood. (1997) “Canada’s Muslims: An Unnoticed Part of Our History.” Hamdard Islamicus 20 (3).
Hemlow, Emily. (2011). Becoming a Muslim Woman: Conversations on Conversion. Master’s Thesis, Department of Near and Middle Eastern Civilizations University of Toronto.
Jackson-Best, Fatimah. (2019) Black Muslims in Canada: A Systematic Review of Published and Unpublished Literature. Toronto: The Tessellate Institute and the Black Muslim Initiative, https://tessellateinstitute.ca/publications/#research.
Jakku, Nina. (2018) “Muslim clothing and Swedish whiteness: Becoming Muslim and the mobility of white converts to Islam.” Tijdschrift voor genderstudies, 21(3): 265-280.
Khan, Zainab. (2021). The Impact of Islamophobia on the Mental Health of Muslim Post-Secondary Students. (Master’s Major Research Paper). http://hdl.handle.net/10315/39518.
Kennedy-Turner, K., C. Côté-Lussier, & D. Helly. (2023) “A Snapshot of Hate: Subjective Psychological Distress After a Hate Crime: An Exploratory Study on Victimization of Muslims in Canada,” Journal of Muslim Mental Health 17(1): 2. doi: https://doi.org/10.3998/jmmh.480
Mason-Bish, Hannah and I. Zempi, (2018) “Misogyny, Racism, and Islamophobia: Street Harassment at the Intersections,” Feminist Criminology, 14(5): 1– 20.
Mossiere, Geraldine. (2016) “The intimate and the stranger: Approaching the ‘‘Muslim question’’ through the eyes of female converts to Islam,” Critical Research on Religion, 4(1): 90-108. DOI: 10.1177/2050303216630067.
Mossière, Géraldine. (2019). “Islamic Dress as Identity Politics Among Converts in the West, in M. Woodward and R. Lukens-Bull (eds.) Handbook of Contemporary Islam and Muslim Lives, Springer Nature: Switzerland AG: 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73653-2_75-3.
Moosavi, Leon. (2015) “White privilege in the lives of Muslim converts in Britain.” Ethnic and Racial Studies, 38(11): 1918 – 1933.
Nagra, Baljit (2017) Securitized Citizens: Canadian Muslims’ Experiences of Race Relations and Identity Formation Post–9/11. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
Pargament, Kenneth I., & H.A. Abu Raiya (2007). “A decade of research on the psychology of religion and coping: Things we assumed and lessons we learned, Psyke & Logos, 28: 742- 766.
Schuurman, B., P. Grol and S. Flower. (2016). “Converts and Islamist Terrorism: An Introduction,” Terrorism and Counter-Terrorism Studies, June, ICCT Policy Brief. DOI: 10.19165/2016.2.03.
Sentse, Ella M. E. (2012). Women in Canada Converting to Islam: A Narrative Inquiry. Master of Interdisciplinary Studies. Saint Thomas University, Fredericton NB. Statistics Canada (2022). The Canadian census: A rich portrait of the country's religious and
ethnocultural diversity. https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/daily-quotidien/221026/dq221026b-eng.htm. Statistics Canada (2022b). “Religion by Immigrant Status and Period of Immigration and Place of Birth: Canada, Provinces and Territories,” Table 98-10-0343-01, DOI:
https://doi.org/10.25318/9810034301-eng.
Suljića, D and A. Wilner. (2021). “From Conversion to Violent Extremism: Empirical Analysis of Three Canadian Muslim Converts to Islam,” Journal for Deradicalization, Spring (26): 110- 151.
The Telegraph, Gai Eaton, Obituary, 30 March 2010. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/religion-obituaries/7539134/Gai-Eaton.html
van Nieuwkerk, Karin (ed.) (2006) Women Embracing Islam: Gender and Conversion in the West. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press.
Zebiri, Kate. (2011) “Orientalist themes in contemporary British Islamophobia,” in John Esposito and I. Kalin (eds). Islamophobia: The Challenge of Pluralism in the 21st Century, New York: Oxford University Press.
Zine, Jasmin. (2022) Under Siege: Islamophobia and the 9/11 Generation. Montreal & Kingston: McGill-Queen’s University Press.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Katherine Bullock

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
This journal provides immediate open access to its content on the principle that making research freely available to the public supports a greater global exchange of knowledge.